Dr. John Britto Parisutham
CEO, JOBA, Australia
19/02/2025
Abstract:
This paper explores the contemporary relevance of ancient Tamil societal values, particularly as articulated in Tholkappiyam, in the context of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). By examining the concept of "nature-centric life practices" embedded within Tholkappiyam, we analyze how ancient Tamil society fostered a harmonious relationship with the environment, emphasizing sustainability, social equity, and ecological balance. This analysis draws parallels between these ancient principles and the contemporary challenges addressed by the SDGs, such as sustainable practices and ethical living, indigenous knowledge and its relelvance to the SDGs and social dialectics balancing ecology and human development. The paper argues that Tholkappiyam offers valuable insights and lessons for achieving the SDGs and building a more sustainable and equitable future for humanity.
Key Points: UN SDGs, Tholkappiyam, Sustainable practices, Social dialectics, Indigenous knowledge
Introduction
The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) emphasize environmental sustainability, equitable societies, and responsible resource management. Ancient Tamil literature, particularly Tholkappiyam, provides a rich foundation of ecological wisdom that aligns closely with these global goals. Though primarily a linguistic treatise, Tholkappiyam offers valuable insights into sustainable life practices and the interconnectedness between human societies and nature. This article explores the ecological consciousness embedded in Tholkappiyam and its relevance to the modern world through the lens of the SDGs.
Sustainable practices and ethical living in Tholkappiyam
Sivathamby (1998)[1] in his book ‘Studies in Ancient Tamil Society: Economic, Society and State Formation explains the Tinai concept and the five ecological zones. The author elaborates that Tholkappiyam is traditionally divided into three sections namely, Ezhuttu Athikaram (Letters and Phonetics), Sol Athikaram (Words and Etymology), and Porul Athikaram (Subject Matter and Poetics). He explains that Tholkappiyam’s Porulatikaram (Book on Substance) introduces the Tinai concept, classifying Tamil landscapes into five ecological zones: Kurinji (mountains), Mullai (forests), Marutham (agricultural plains), Neithal (coasts), and Palai (arid zones). Each Tinai is associated with distinct flora, fauna, deities, occupations, and cultural practices, reflecting a holistic understanding of ecology. These classifications are not just poetic devices but reflect a sophisticated ecological and social understanding. Each landscape dictated lifestyle choices, occupational patterns, and cultural values, demonstrating a harmonious approach to sustainability.
Arora & Mishra (2019)[2] in their article, “United Nations Sustainable Development Goals 2030 and environmental sustainability: race against time” defines that life on land (SDG15) is linked to conservation and biodiversity, responsible consumption and production (SDG 12) reflects sustainable pastoralism and responsible consumption, zero hunger (SDG 2) and clean water and sanitation (SDG 6) focuses on sustainable farming and water management, life below water (SDG 14) highlights coastal resource management and economic sustainability and climate action (SDG 13) demonstrates resilience and adaptation strategies in arid regions.
When observed Sivathamby and Arora & Mishra’s points carefully, the following intricate connections could be understood. The Tholkappiyam presents an ethical code wherein human activities are governed by natural laws, aligning with several SDGs. Water Conservation and Sustainable Agriculture (SDG 6 & SDG 2) aligns with the Marutham landscape references traditional irrigation systems (kanmai), emphasizing responsible water use and soil conservation. Biodiversity Protection (SDG 15) aligns with the Mullai region underscores the importance of preserving forests and sacred groves (kavu), ensuring ecological balance. Climate Adaptation Strategies (SDG 13) aligns with the Paalai landscape illustrating strategies for survival in drought-prone areas, promoting resilience.
Tholkappiyam, through its categorization of poetry into akam (interior) and puram (exterior) realms, reflects a nuanced understanding of human existence within the natural world. Akam poetry, often associated with rural life and love, emphasizes the harmonious coexistence of humans with their natural surroundings. The descriptions of landscapes, flora, and fauna in akam poetry reveal a deep appreciation for the beauty and diversity of the natural world and an understanding of the delicate balance of ecosystems (Anthrajanam, 2022).[3]
The nature-centric sustainable life practices embedded within Tholkappiyam exhibit remarkable parallels with the principles underlying the SDGs. Tholkappiyam emphasizes the importance of sustainable livelihoods and social equity. The focus on rural livelihoods, agriculture, and a harmonious relationship with the environment in akam poetry suggests an understanding of the interconnectedness between environmental health and social well-being. The emphasis on sustainable agriculture and food production, as evident in the descriptions of agricultural practices and seasonal cycles within Tholkappiyam, is directly relevant to ensuring food security and combating hunger. The recognition of the power and influence of natural forces, such as rain, wind, and sea, within Tholkappiyam suggests an awareness of the impact of climate change and the need for responsible environmental stewardship. The emphasis on biodiversity conservation and the harmonious coexistence of humans with other living beings, implicitly present in the descriptions of various ecosystems, aligns with the SDG 15, which aims to protect, restore, and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems (Anthrajanam, 2022).[4]
Tholkappiyam, a foundational text of Tamil literature, offers a valuable lens through which to examine the relationship between humans and the environment. The concept of ‘nature-centric life practices’ embedded within the text provides valuable insights for addressing the pressing global challenges of the 21st century, as outlined in the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. By drawing inspiration from the wisdom of ancient Tamil society, we can develop more sustainable and equitable approaches to development, fostering a harmonious relationship between humanity and the planet. This requires a renewed appreciation for traditional knowledge, a deeper understanding of the interconnectedness of social, economic, and environmental systems, and a commitment to living in harmony with nature. The indigenous knowledge practiced in ancient and present Tamil community based on Tholkappiyam text has relevance to SDGs and answers to the challenges that global community face today.
Indigenous Knowledge and Its Relevance to the SDGs
The ancient Tamil society, as described in Tholkappiyam, practiced sustainable living long before global environmental crises emerged. Reservoirs and irrigation channels ensured efficient water use, resonating with SDG 6 (Clean Water and Sanitation). Neythal regions depict responsible fishing practices, aligning with SDG 14 (Life Below Water). Just governance in the Marutham landscape ensured fair land distribution, linking to SDG 16 (Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions). Early Tamil society, as described in Tholkappiyam, was rich in indigenous knowledge systems that promoted ecological conservation (Anita Jose, 2021).[5]
Akam poetry, with its focus on rural life and love, provides numerous examples of nature-centric life practices. The landscape itself – the mountains, forests, rivers, and seashores – is not merely a backdrop but an integral part of the human experience. The poets of Akam literature demonstrate a profound understanding of the natural world, its rhythms, and its cycles. They describe the changing seasons, the behaviour of animals, and the intricate relationships between humans and the environment. For instance, the concept of kurinci (mountain) landscape is not merely a geographical description; it encompasses a complex web of ecological and social relationships. The kurinci landscape, characterized by its lush greenery, abundant rainfall, and diverse flora and fauna, is associated with youth, love, and fertility. It symbolizes a harmonious coexistence between humans and nature, where human activities are integrated with the natural rhythms of the environment (Anthrajanam, 2022).[6]
Similarly, the neyithal (coastal) landscape, with its sandy shores, salty winds, and abundant fish, is associated with trade, commerce, and the dynamism of human interaction. However, even in this context, the relationship with nature is central. The sea, while providing opportunities for trade and livelihood, is also recognized as a powerful force that can be both benevolent and destructive. This recognition reflects a deep respect for the power of nature and the need for human activities to be in harmony with natural cycles. Human development was seen as the intricate part of understanding of nature, biodiversity and ecological balance.
Social Dialectics: Balancing Ecology and Human Development
The Tholkappiyam demonstrates that sustainability is not just about environmental conservation but also about social equity. Tamil literature often portrays women as equal participants in economic and social spheres. Ancient Tamil towns were designed to integrate nature into urban spaces, minimizing environmental impact. Traditional knowledge systems helped communities prepare for extreme weather conditions.
The Tinai system’s social dialectics arise from the interplay between zones. While each Tinai was self-sufficient, their interdependence fostered trade and cultural exchange. Marutham’s rice was traded for Mullai’s dairy products and Neithal’s salt, creating a regional economy. Gender roles in Tholkappiyam were shaped by ecological needs. In Marutham, women’s expertise in sowing and harvesting granted them economic influence, while Kurinji’s women foraged medicinal herbs, becoming healers. Myths and festivals bridged deities across zones—Murugan’s marriage to Deivanai (a river nymph) symbolizes the union of mountain and plains cultures. However, conflicts emerged during ecological crises. Prolonged droughts transformed Marutham into Palai, displacing farmers and triggering migrations. Such disruptions forced societies to adapt, revealing the dialectical tension between stability and change. The text’s emphasis on Ulagam (world as a collective entity) mitigated conflicts by promoting mutual respect among communities. The social dialectics in Tholkappiyam reveal a symbiotic relationship between nature and human interactions. The Thinai framework serves as a metaphor for various social constructs, including the contrast between Kurinji (union) and Neythal (separation) landscapes mirrors the natural cycle of growth and decay, symbolizing the transient nature of relationships. The arid Paalai region often signifies strife, while the fertile Marutham signifies stability and governance, reflecting societal dynamics. The prosperity of the Marutham land is linked to just rulers who align governance with natural laws (Kanakappan, 2017).[7]
These themes emphasize that human conduct should be in harmony with ecological principles, reinforcing the Tamil worldview of nature as a guiding force. Social dialectics, a theoretical framework, posits that social reality is shaped by the interplay of opposing forces. In the context of Tholkappiyam, these forces can be understood as the interplay between human society and the natural world, between social hierarchies and individual agency, and between tradition and innovation. By examining how these forces interact and shape the social and cultural landscape of ancient Tamil society, we can gain a deeper understanding of the values, beliefs, and practices that guided their lives. The akam-puram dichotomy not only reflects different themes and settings but also reflects the social and political hierarchies of ancient Tamil society. Akam poetry, with its focus on rural life and personal relationships, is often associated with the lower social strata, while puram poetry, with its emphasis on heroism, patronage, and warfare, is associated with the elite and the ruling class.
However, this dichotomy should not be seen as rigid or static. There is a constant interplay and dialogue between these two spheres. For instance, the success of a king is often measured by his ability to ensure the prosperity and well-being of his subjects, including those living in rural areas. Puram poetry, while celebrating the exploits of warriors and kings, also emphasizes the importance of social justice and the protection of the vulnerable.
Furthermore, the natural world itself plays a crucial role in shaping social dynamics. Natural disasters, such as floods, droughts, and famines, can disrupt social order and challenge the authority of rulers. Conversely, the abundance of natural resources can lead to prosperity and social stability. Thus, the relationship between humans and nature is not merely a matter of individual experience but also has significant social and political implications. Furthermore, the social dialectics reflected in Tholkappiyam can help us understand the complex interplay between social, economic, and environmental factors. By recognizing the interconnectedness of these factors, we can develop more sustainable and equitable solutions to the challenges facing our planet (Kanakappan, 2017).[8]
The close relationship between humans and nature, as depicted in Tholkappiyam, suggests an understanding of the importance of a healthy environment for human well-being. The emphasis on clean air, pure water, and a balanced diet, implicitly embedded within the descriptions of various landscapes, resonates with the contemporary understanding of the interconnectedness between environmental health and human health (Anthrajanam, 2022)[9]
Conclusion
The Tholkappiyam stands as a testament to the deep ecological consciousness of ancient Tamil society. Its Thinai framework and sustainable life practices offer invaluable lessons for achieving the UN Sustainable Development Goals. The integration of nature-centric ethics, responsible consumption, and environmental resilience in Tamil culture demonstrates how ancient wisdom can inform contemporary sustainability efforts. As we confront climate change and resource depletion, revisiting such traditional knowledge can provide essential strategies for building a sustainable future aligned with the SDGs.
Furthermore, the concept of porul (meaning) in Tholkappiyam extends beyond mere linguistic signification. It encompasses a deeper understanding of the social, ethical, and ecological implications of human actions. This emphasis on the interconnectedness of language, thought, and action reflects a holistic worldview that recognizes the impact of human behavior on the natural world. In an era of climate crisis, Tholkappiyam’s teachings resonate profoundly. Its advocacy for localized economies, seasonal living, and ethical consumption aligns with modern sustainability movements. For instance, the "permaculture" model mirrors Marutham’s agro-ecological practices, while Indigenous land rights movements echo the Tinai’s respect for territorial integrity. By revisiting Tholkappiyam, we reclaim a worldview where progress does not necessitate ecological destruction.
********
References:
1. Sivathamby, K. (1998). Studies in Ancient Tamil Society: Economic, Society and State Formation. New Century Book House (P) Ltd. ISBN 81-234-0521-9
2. Arora, N.K., Mishra, I. United Nations Sustainable Development Goals 2030 and environmental sustainability: race against time. Environmental Sustainability 2, 339–342 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42398-019-00092-y
3. Anthrajanam, Saraswathy. (2022). Tinai Concept: Aesthetics of ancient Tamil poetics Tolkappiyam. Journal of Positive School Psychology. Vol. 6, No. 8, 779-792. http://journalppw.com
4. Ibid.
5. Anita Jose. (2021). LOCATING SUSTAINABILITY WITHIN INDIAN ETHOS: A Study of Posthumanistic Implications of Tinai. Journal of Dharma, 46(4), 463–480. Retrieved from https://dvkjournals.in/index.php/jd/article/view/3561
6. Anthrajanam, Saraswathy. (2022). Tinai Concept: Aesthetics of ancient Tamil poetics Tolkappiyam. Journal of Positive School Psychology. Vol. 6, No. 8, 779-792. http://journalppw.com
7. Kanakappan, Kaviarasu. (2017). Tinaipoetics: An Ecopoetics of South India. Literary Studies. 30. 76-82.
8. Ibid
9. Anthrajanam, Saraswathy. (2022). Tinai Concept: Aesthetics of ancient Tamil poetics Tolkappiyam. Journal of Positive School Psychology. Vol. 6, No. 8, 779-792. http://journalppw.com
**********
Comments